Malaria is a serious disease, transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The Plasmodium parasite, in the saliva of the mosquito, infects red blood cells, causing them to burst (lyse), spilling their contents.

Cholera is a severe diarrhoeal disease, well known for its rapid onset and debilitating effects. It is easy to treat but if left untreated may result in rapidly progressive dehydration and consequently, death. Cholera results from infection by a bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, often found in coastal saltwater, brackish water and estuaries.

You know the kind of heat that slams in to you like a 6-ton truck when you walk out of an air-conditioned room, leaving you immediately weakened? As a tourist, it isn’t much of a problem. After a few days you get used to being sweaty, sticky and lethargic, symptoms alleviated by spending hours at the pool-side bar drinking iced tea. But when you’re a competitor…

Energy is life. Energy is power. And power is what we need to run, mountain bike, paddle, climb… As the basal metabolic rate is the smallest amount of energy required by the body purely to keep you alive at rest, an additional quota will enable your body to react to environmental stressors like heat and cold by sweating and shivering to regulate body temperature and to perform work.

Rapid ascents and massive elevation gains are often incorporated into adventure races. Rarely will you pass through an area without visiting the peak of the highest mountain, scaling the slope of an impressive volcano or traversing a sky-high ridge.

You’ve put in weeks of training and preparation ensuring that your legs will hold up to hour after hour on the bike and trekking up hills. You’ve worked your upper body, ensuring that you’ll have the strength for climbing, rope ascents and paddling. But now, 3hrs into the race, you’ve developed developed a niggling blister on your little toe and heel.